Publication
Generative AI: A global guide to key IP considerations
Artificial intelligence (AI) raises many intellectual property (IP) issues.
Canada | Publication | 二月 2020
We were recently involved in a situation where the landlord’s insurer may be denied the right to subrogate against the tenant. We consider this issue important for professionals involved in the commercial real estate industry, particularly commercial landlords.
The area of law relating to the rights between landlords and tenants as to the obligations to repair and insure against damage caused by a tenant is well established by three cases heard by the Supreme Court of Canada1. These cases, often referred to as the “Trilogy,” have been followed by Alberta courts.
The principles prescribed by the Supreme Court in the Trilogy cases are:
While these legal principles are well established, the issues continue to be litigated across Canada. There are varying lines of reasoning among the Canadian jurisdictions.
In Manitoba, the Court of Appeal appeared inclined to interpret commercial leases with a different result from that prescribed by the Supreme Court principles in the Trilogy cases. In Sooter Studios Ltd. v. 74963 Manitoba Ltd. et al.2, the court placed emphasis on the presence of express indemnification and save harmless clauses. The court also emphasized the absence of an express covenant to insure in the lease.3
Courts in Saskatchewan4, British Columbia5 and Alberta appear inclined to follow the principles articulated by the Supreme Court in the Trilogy cases. The leading case in Alberta on this issue is the Court of Appeal’s decision in Alberta Importers and Distributors Inc. v. Phoenix Marble Ltd.6 This case followed the principles set out in the Trilogy cases and has been followed in 20167 and 20178 by the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench. A further discussion of this can be found below with reference to the Aluminum Planet case.
In the majority of decided cases in Canada and in the absence of language in the lease in question to take the intention of the parties outside of the principles in the Trilogy cases, the landlord’s insurer has been unsuccessful in pursuing a subrogated claim against the tenant, and the general principles outlined by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Trilogy cases have been upheld.
Insurers have attempted to circumvent these principles by pointing to lease covenants by tenants to indemnify the landlord or to obtain separate tenant insurance. These arguments have generally been unsuccessful. An example of this is found in Core Ventures Inc. v. Trio Chute Inc. (Aluminum Planet).9 In that case, the landlord argued it could pursue the tenant in negligence because the lease required the tenant to repair damages caused by its negligence “without set-off or deduction or benefit of any insurance proceeds received by the Lessor.”10 The court rejected this argument and held that unless otherwise rebutted under the lease, the landlord assumed the risk of damage caused by fire. Given that the tenant had also paid a proportionate share of the landlord’s insurance premiums, the landlord’s claim was barred.
One recent example where a landlord was successful in overcoming the principles set out in the Trilogy cases is the 2018 Ontario Court of Appeal decision in Royal Host GP Inc. v. 1842259 Ontario Ltd.11 This case found the lease had created a contrary intention such that the principles set out by the Supreme Court of Canada did not apply. While the lease contained a covenant by the landlord to maintain insurance, the clause in question went on to state the following:
The Ontario Court of Appeal held that this “notwithstanding” clause in the lease demonstrated a clear intention that the tenant would not have the benefit of the landlord’s insurance where the damage was caused by the tenant’s negligence. This additional language in the lease was determined to be sufficient to overcome the principles prescribed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Trilogy cases. The Ontario Court of Appeal also expressed that the Trilogy cases have not affected the fundamental principle of contractual interpretation and that it is necessary to discern the parties’ intentions based on the language in the contract.
The Ontario Court of Appeal decision in Royal Host has not yet been followed in Alberta. We would like to believe this decision will be followed, but for now this issue remains undecided by the Alberta courts.
In light of the Supreme Court of Canada’s principles set out in the Trilogy cases and the decision in Royal Host, it is critical to draft insurance provisions in a commercial lease that indicate a contrary intention to overcome the principles set forth by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Trilogy cases and subsequent cases.
The specific language expressed in the lease referenced in Royal Host or similar language would be required to create an exception to the principles set out in the Trilogy cases.
Some commercial lease forms used in Alberta do not address this issue or contain language stating the tenant’s insurance is primary and the tenant is not entitled to receive any proceeds from the landlord’s insurance. While this language may be persuasive, we believe language in a commercial lease that provides for the following would provide a better exception to the Trilogy principles:
Given the nature of insurance contracts, any changes to a lease form will need to be approved by the landlord’s insurer.
The author wishes to thank articling student Oliver Zachmann for his help in preparing this legal update.
Publication
Artificial intelligence (AI) raises many intellectual property (IP) issues.
Publication
We are delighted to announce that Al Hounsell, Director of Strategic Innovation & Legal Design based in our Toronto office, has been named 'Innovative Leader of the Year' at the International Legal Technology Association (ILTA) Awards.
Publication
After a lacklustre finish to 2022 when compared to the vintage year for M&A that was 2021, dealmakers expected 2023 to see the market continue to cool in most sectors, in response to the economic headwinds of rising inflation (with its corresponding impact on financing costs), declining market valuations, tightening regulatory scrutiny and increasing geopolitical tensions.
Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest legal news, information and events . . .
© Norton Rose Fulbright LLP 2023