Anti-bribery in China: Government proposes tighter rules

China’s anti-commercial bribery landscape is about to be further tightened up along with the proposed amendments to the Anti-unfair Competition Law.

The Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council (LAOSC) published the draft amendments (Draft Amendments) to the Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL) on February 25, 2016 for public consultation. The AUCL is the major legislation disciplining various forms of unfair competition conduct in China, including commercial bribery, product counterfeiting, abuse of market monopoly power, misleading commercial advertisement and violation of commercial secrets. The current amendments, once approved through China’s legislative procedures, will be the first amendments to the AUCL since it came into effect from December 1, 1993.

The Draft Amendments aim to clarify the scope of unfair competition conduct under AUCL to adapt to the evolved market in the past over two decades and eliminate the legislative overlaps and gaps between the current AUCL and the Anti-Monopoly Law (effective from August 1, 2008), the Trademark Law (amended in 2013) and the Advertisement Law (newly amended in 2015).

As far as anti-commercial bribery is concerned, the Draft Amendments proposed several substantial changes to the current AUCL which we summarise as follows:

Under the current AUCL, business operators must not ‘resort to bribery, by offering money or property, in order to sell or purchase products’ with two express exceptions including commissions or discounts genuinely recorded in the accounting records of the parties involved in the payment and receipt of the commissions and discounts. The use of ‘bribery’ to define ‘bribery’ is unhelpful and has resulted in ambiguity in the interpretations of what constitutes commercial bribery and uneven enforcement by regulatory authorities – especially by the nationwide local counterparts of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC). This has remained the case over the years notwithstanding the various subsequent judicial interpretations and SAIC regulations (please refer to our article entitled Walking a fine line in China.

The Draft Amendments define ‘commercial bribery’ to mean a business operator ‘giving or promising to give economic benefits to business counterparties, or to any third party who may influence the underlying transaction, to entice it to seek transaction opportunities or competitive advantages for the business operator. Providing or promising to provide economic benefits shall constitute an offer of commercial bribery whilst accepting or agreeing to accept economic benefits shall constitute an acceptance of commercial bribery.’.

In addition, the Draft Amendments also set out the following circumstances which may be considered as commercial bribery and are hence prohibited:

• seeking benefits in the course of, or relying upon, the provision of public services
• failing to accurately record in contracts and accounting records the giving of economic benefits between business operators
• giving or promising to give, any third party who is influential to the underlying transaction, economic interests which damage the legitimate interests of other business operators or customers.

The Draft Amendments go on to provide that an employee’s act of commercial bribery in seeking transaction opportunity or competitive advantages for his/her employer shall be regarded as the conduct of the employer, unless evidence proves that the employee has taken bribes in violating the interests of the employer.

Compared to the current AUCL, the Draft Amendments provide clearer definition to commercial bribery with the following points worthwhile noting in particular:

Increased risk with third parties

Bribery through third parties is expressly identified and prohibited under the Draft Amendments which is generally in line with the provisions contained in the ninth amendments to the PRC Criminal Law effective from November 1, 2015 pursuant to which the offence of giving bribes to relatives of state functionaries or individuals who have close relationships with state functionaries, or to former state functionaries or their close relatives, or individuals with whom they have close relationships, for the purpose of obtaining improper benefits may receive up to ten-year imprisonment plus mandatory fines.

Increased risks with employees

As mentioned above, bribery act of an employee may be regarded as the conduct of the employer unless the employee has taken bribes in violation of the employer’s interests. This confirms the position, by way of law – sitting at the very top end of China’s legislative hierarchy, that the SAIC provides in its Interim Measures of Prohibiting Commercial Bribery back in 1996.

Increased emphasis on keeping accurate accounting records as well as contracts

The AUCL requires commissions and discounts to be accurately reflected in the accounting records of the parties concerned in order to qualify as exceptions to a commercial bribery. The Draft Amendments removed the reference to specific examples but generally provide that failing to accurately record in contracts and accounting records the giving of economic benefits between business operators may constitute a commercial bribery. It re-emphasizes the importance of accurate accounting records for all transactions involving the giving of economic benefits to other parties and also, for the first time, raises the importance of written contracts accurately documenting the transactions.

Non-defined economic benefits

The Draft Amendments do not give a definition to ‘economic benefits’. However, given the numerous judicial interpretations and SAIC regulations on this particular point, it could capture everything, e.g. cash, property, anything else with monetary value, and beyond.

Under the Draft Amendments, the administrative enforcement authorities may exercise various investigatory powers, which are wider and stronger than that under the current AUCL, including, inter alia,

• carrying out investigation by entering the office premises of a business operator (being the subject of the investigation) and other premises
• making enquiries with the subject business operator, other parties having an interest, or other entities/ organisations or individuals and requiring the same to provide evidencing documents, data and technical support or other materials related thereto
• reviewing and making copies of contracts, accounting records, ledgers, documents, business correspondence, electronic data, video or audio materials and other materials related thereto
• ordering the subject business operator to suspend any relevant business operation suspected to be illegitimate, explain the source and quantity of the property concerned and not to transfer, conceal or destroy the property
• seizing or detaining the property suspected to be related to the misconduct
• checking the bank accounts of the subject business operator and related accounting documents, books and records and bank statements
• applying to judicial bodies to freeze the relevant bank accounts if evidence proves that illegitimate funds are being transferred or concealed.

Those underlined above are all introduced by the Draft Amendments.

The Draft Amendments provide that, in addition to the obligations of providing genuine information or evidence as stipulated in the current AUCL, business operators under the investigation, parties having any interest and other entities/ organisations or individuals should, when enquired by regulatory authorities, also provide cooperation to the regulatory authorities and must not refuse or hinder regulatory investigations.

Under the current AUCL, a conduct of commercial bribery may receive administrative fines ranging from RMB10,000 to RMB200,000 (approximately US$1,500–US$30,000) and confiscation of illegal gains. Under the Draft Amendments, administrative penalties for the conduct of commercial bribery range from ten per cent to three per cent of the revenue generated from the business involving commercial bribery.

More noticeably, the Draft Amendments also provide that, in the course of a regulatory investigation, any act of refusing to provide relevant materials or information, or providing falsified materials of information, or concealing, destroying or transferring evidences, or otherwise hindering the regulatory investigation, may receive a regulatory order of rectification and fines ranging from RMB20,000–RMB200,000 (approximately US$3,000–US$30,000).

The Draft Amendments also impose very widely ranging fines of RMB10,000 to RMB1 million (approximately US$1,500–US$150,000) on parties who provide assistance (e.g. production, sales, warehousing, transportation, network service, technical support, advertising, payment and settlement) to illegitimate conduct under the AUCL (including commercial bribery) when they knew or should have known the occurrence of such illegitimate conduct.