Global | Publication | July 2023
Stephen Rigby is a corporate partner in our London team. He has broad ranging experience of all aspects of advisory and transaction-based corporate law including private and public company M&A, IPOs and equity fund raisings. He has extensive experience of advising on the establishment, operation and termination of joint ventures, particularly in the renewable energy sector, where they are commonly used in the development of large wind and solar projects. He is a member of the Norton Rose Fulbright global energy and infrastructure group and has advised on many joint venture structures (including for the largest onshore and offshore wind projects and portfolios in the UK). Examples include:
Find more information about Norton Rose Fulbright’s experience in renewable energy sources.
Wind farm projects (particularly offshore wind projects) are capital intensive and are often operationally complex. Because of this, the opportunity to share risk and the ability to combine operational expertise often brings parties together in a joint venture transaction. In many cases, one party will supply all of the operational know-how, allowing financial investors or new entrants to participate without having to have the requisite skillset and resources to develop and commission the project and maintain the windfarm during its operational lifetime.
The identity of the joint venture participants will typically depend on the maturity and contemplated scale of the project. For example, for an early stage or development project, the parties may comprise a developer which has identified a potential site for a project together with a financial investor or a larger developer partner with operational projects looking to expand its renewable energy generation portfolio in order to source more renewable power. For a larger and more complex project, the likelihood is that one or more multinational utilities will be involved to combine financial or operational resources and to share significant project risk. The size of the participants’ balance sheets will also be important in attracting project finance to build the project following financial close. In some jurisdictions, subsidy regimes may require the inclusion of local participants in the joint venture. Equally, for those countries where the use of renewable technology is at a less advanced stage, partnering with experienced developers may be attractive to accelerate the uptake and development of the technology in those countries.
Private limited companies are the customary choice of joint venture vehicle. Whilst unincorporated or contractual joint ventures are common in the early stage of the development of offshore wind farms, in part because the joint venture might start, and some initial costs be incurred, before a project is identified or a permit or concession auction takes place, once a project starts to become defined and needs to contract in its own name (for example signing an agreement for lease over an area of land or seabed) the joint venture’s project rights are generally transferred into a private company which is a more familiar entity to investors, lenders and suppliers. This allows the project to issue shares to investors and contract in its own right, supported by shareholder guarantees. The nature and complexity of the overall structure will be shaped by considerations such as tax, the accounting treatment of the joint venture and compliance with local law.
One key area that may manifest itself in various contexts, is the level of control which each party may have over the joint venture. This is not just about how management power will be allocated (e.g. in the composition of the board of directors, the business and strategic and business decisions which are reserved for decision or require unanimity at shareholder level) but the level of control enjoyed may also affect other significant matters, such as whether the joint venture requires clearance by competition authorities. It will also be an important factor in determining the accounting treatment of the joint venture for its participants. In particular, where there is a desire to consolidate the financial results of the joint venture (or indeed, to avoid that treatment).
Although in practical terms the centre of gravity in the joint venture may lie with the extensive day to day control enjoyed by the operator, there will often be a debate about those items that are sufficiently material for majority or unanimity to be required amongst the participating joint venture parties. In this context, examples may include:
Dealing with actual or potential conflicts of interest between the joint venture parties and the project can be a challenge and these issues may be relevant in a number of related areas. Usually there are commercial agreements between one or more of the joint venture parties and the joint venture vehicle (e.g. to supply operation and maintenance services or to buy the power generated) and the joint venture parties will agree to what extent these arrangements are formed and seek to administer them on arm’s length terms.
The joint venture parties will also agree the process for the potential sale by one or more of them of all or part of their interests in the project. Transfer rights, pre-emption rights, minimum financial criteria or track records for new members of the joint venture will all typically be dealt with.
Setting out what should occur if the project needs further funding due to cost over runs or because an emergency situation has arisen, often raises difficult issues. Where such additional funding may be advanced by equity injection by the shareholders, the question then arises of the extent of the dilutive effect of such further equity subscription where the other shareholder is unable or unwilling to invest its share.
Finally, there is the question of whether there may circumstances (such as an event of default under a related agreement) in which a shareholder should be obliged to transfer its shares. A compulsory transfer provision (and the appropriate valuation of the affected shares in this case) is often a contentious issue.
The development of renewable sources of energy is a key policy response to the climate change crisis and energy transition. As such, activity in this sector is set to continue its growth trajectory.
Joint ventures are likely to remain the structure of choice for large renewable energy projects and portfolios. The combination of a utility to operate and maintain the asset, and to buy the power, while not bearing all of the risk and cost, and a financial investor or investors focusing on the solid commercial return that renewable power generation provides, is a tried and tested model and works well in the sector.
Joint ventures also provide a way into the industry for utilities from other parts of the world who want to learn about the operation and management of these projects, and the list of new entrants continues to lengthen as more and more focus is placed on energy transition.
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