Publication
Government Investigations in Singapore 2025
We have contributed the Singapore chapter of Getting the Deal Through, Government Investigations 2025.
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South Africa | Publication | December 2023
The aim of the Copyright Amendment Bill 2022 is to aid the economic interests of authors of works whilst simultaneously adapting to technological advancements. The Bill has proposed various changes to the Copyright Act. Numerous iterations of the Bill have been promulgated over many years, and there are conflicting views as to whether the Bill in its current form is a good or a bad thing for South Africa. Many believe that it is progressive because it provides for access to copyrighted works for people with disabilities. Others, including copyright experts and the owners of the copyright works, view the Bill as problematic, because it can be seen to undermine the rights of such owners to their property and it could place our country in contravention of international treaties. For instance, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works requires South Africa to give citizens of other member countries the same protection it gives to the owners of copyrighted works in South Africa. The Bill does not define exactly what would be considered a disability, which is problematic as some disabilities are not permanent.
In terms of Section 25 of the Constitution, the arbitrary deprivation of property is prohibited, which aids the view that authors and copyright experts have on this topic. However this section would compete with the right to equality under Section 9 of the Constitution. Ultimately, a balancing act will have to be struck between the two competing rights and the limitations provisions in Section 36.
In Blind SA v Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition and Others [2022] ZACC 33 the Constitutional Court confirmed that the Copyright Act is unconstitutional because it infringes the rights of blind and visually impaired individuals, by not affording them accessible format copies of copyrighted works without the permission of copyright owners. The court found that the Copyright Act in its current form infringes various sections of our Constitution. The court found that depriving blind and visually impaired individuals of access to reading material gives rise to prejudice, which is irreparable, incalculable and difficult to articulate.
In terms of the Bill, the following definitions have been inserted to rectify the rights infringed:
The Bill makes provision for prescribed person to make available an accessible format copy, for the benefit of an individual with a disability without the authorisation of the copyright owner. This is subject to conditions, including:
The Constitutional Court held, in order to better weigh up the interests of all stakeholders concerned, the following guidelines, to name a few, must be adhered to:
The Bill cannot be said to be all good or all bad. The Bill, should however, be applauded for its progressive nature, but the guidelines set out above must be considered. A revised, less broad version should be adopted for the Bill to pass constitutional muster. A potential commercial compromise is for the Bill to be amended to provide that the owners of copyrighted works are remunerated for the use of their property. This concept of “compulsory licensing” is not uncommon in our intellectual property law.
Publication
We have contributed the Singapore chapter of Getting the Deal Through, Government Investigations 2025.
Publication
The private credit market and direct lending have grown and diversified immensely in the past decade, offering alternative sources and terms of debt compared to those historically provided by the syndicated leveraged loan and public issuance markets. Consequently, they are fast becoming pivotal components in the capital ecosystem, so much so that the Bank of England consider that the private credit market is currently responsible for approximately $1.8 trillion of debt issuance, which is four times its size in 2015. This growth has been particularly pronounced in Europe and the US but there has also been significant activity in Asia.
Publication
The EU’s Artificial Intelligence Regulation, commonly referred to as the AI Act, is expected to come into force during the summer of 2024 (the AI Act). The AI Act will be the first comprehensive legal framework for the use and development of artificial intelligence (AI), and is intended to ensure that AI systems developed and used in the EU are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and environmentally friendly.
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