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Global rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)
Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
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United States | Publication | May 3, 2021
In an unpublished opinion issued this month, a California appeals court declared unenforceable Uber’s arbitration provision requiring drivers to waive the right to bring a collective action under the Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA). At issue was an Uber agreement requiring its drivers to enter into before using the Uber App to pick up riders, and an arbitration provision within the agreement which required the drivers to waive any right to bring a PAGA representative action. Although PAGA applies only to “aggrieved employees,” the plaintiff contended that he and other drivers were employees who had been misclassified as independent contractors.
The court of appeals rejected Uber’s argument that the threshold question of whether the drivers were misclassified was arbitrable, notwithstanding the California Supreme Court’s ban on PAGA representative action waivers, following several prior court decisions on this subject. A PAGA claim is indivisible and belongs to the state, according to the court, with the private litigant stepping in the shoes of the state as a private attorney general. Therefore, employees may not be forced to arbitrate whether their claims fell within the parameters of PAGA before proceeding with a representative action. Bottom line: PAGA representative action claims are not in any fashion subject to arbitration, so employers must be prepared to deal with PAGA litigation.
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Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) raises many intellectual property (IP) issues.
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On 21 November 2023 and following extensive consultation periods, the amendment to the Climate Delegated Act (Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 of 4 June 2021) (the Climate Delegated Act) was formally adopted by the European Commission and published in the EU Official Journal (Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2485 of 27 June 2023) (the Climate Delegated Act Amendment).
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