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Global rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)
Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
Canada | Publication | June 23, 2022
On June 16, the federal government introduced Bill C-27, also known as the Digital Charter Implementation Act, 2022.
If passed, this package of laws will:
The AIDA establishes Canada-wide requirements for the design, development, use, and provision of AI systems and prohibits certain conduct in relation to these systems that may result in serious harm to individuals or biased outputs.
The AIDA regulates activities carried out in the course of international or interprovincial trade and commerce. It does not apply to government institutions. Canada’s Directive on Automated Decision-Making is in effect, and by contrast, imposes several requirements on the federal government’s use of automated decision-making technologies and on businesses that license or sell such technologies to the federal government.
The AIDA requires individuals and legal entities who are “responsible for” AI systems (meaning those who, in the course of international or interprovincial trade and commerce, design, develop or make available for use the artificial intelligence system or manage its operation) to:
If an AI system is assessed as “high-impact,” persons responsible for AI systems must:
In summary, the law will require persons responsible for AI systems to assess these systems’ potential to cause harm or produce biased outputs, develop mitigation plans to reduce or eliminate these risks, and publicly disclose when high-impact systems are being used, among other obligations.
Under the AIDA, the minister may, by order, initiate or require:
The minister is also able to designate an AI and Data Commissioner, whose role would be to assist and support the minister in ensuring compliance with the requirements.
Administrative Monetary Penalties
The administrative monetary penalties regime has been largely left to the regulations to define. Notably, the stated purpose of such penalties is to “promote compliance” and “not to punish.”
Criminal Offences – Contravention of Requirements
It is an offence to contravene any AIDA requirements or to obstruct or provide false or misleading information during an audit or investigation. A business or other legal entity committing these offences could receive a fine of up to $10 million or 3% of its global revenues. An individual committing these offences could face a discretionary fine.
Criminal Offences - Related to Artificial Intelligence Systems
Further offences established under the AIDA can arise in circumstances involving (1) possessing or using personal information, or (2) making an AI system available for use.
At all stages of AI development and in operating or providing an AI system, a person (legal entity or individual) is prohibited from possessing or using “personal information” that is unlawfully obtained.
If making a system available for use, it is also an offence if either of the following occurs:
A business or other legal entity that commits any of these offences can be fined up to $25 million or 5% of global revenues. An individual committing any of them can receive a discretionary fine or be imprisoned up to five years less a day, or both.
Bill C-27 introduces Canada’s first AI legislation and a novel AI regulatory framework. All businesses designing, developing, operating, licensing or selling AI systems in the context of international or interprovincial trade and commerce will be expected to comply, and should consider current activities in view of the proposed AIDA requirements. This is particularly important for those using or providing “high-impact” systems.
Some questions remain. While the AIDA is directed to “high-impact” systems and prohibits “material harm,” these and other key terms are not yet defined. Further, the quantum of administrative penalties will be fixed only upon the issuance of regulations.
Moreover, the AIDA sets out publication requirements but it is unclear if there will be a public register of high-impact AI systems and what level of technical detail about the AI systems will be available to the public. More clarity should come through Bill C-27’s second and third readings in the House of Commons, and subsequent regulations if the bill passes.
The AIDA may have extraterritorial application if components of global AI systems are used, developed, designed or managed in Canada. The European Union recently introduced its Artificial Intelligence Act, which also has some extraterritorial application. Other countries will likely follow. Multi-national companies should develop a coordinated global compliance program.
We will continue to closely monitor this legislation’s progress through Parliament and provide updates.
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Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
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On February 2, 2024, the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union confirmed that the Committee of Permanent Representatives had signed the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Regulation, referred to as the AI Act. Approval by the EU Parliament followed on 13 March 2024, and the AI Act is likely to appear in the EU’s Official Journal around May 2024. The AI Act aims to establish a stringent legal framework governing the development, marketing, and utilisation of artificial intelligence within the region, thereby marking a significant advancement in the regulation of this burgeoning domain.
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The EU’s Artificial Intelligence Regulation, commonly referred to as the AI Act, is expected to come into force during the summer of 2024 (the AI Act). The AI Act will be the first comprehensive legal framework for the use and development of artificial intelligence (AI), and is intended to ensure that AI systems developed and used in the EU are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and environmentally friendly.
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