Publication
Ireland
On 31 October 2023, the Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (the “Act”), which establishes a new foreign direct investment ("FDI") screening regime in Ireland, was enacted.
Australia | Publication | June 2023
The sanctions imposed by the Australian Government in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine continue to expand. They have the potential to frustrate contracts that involve the payment and/or delivery of goods to Russia and Russian-occupied regions of Ukraine. What can you do if you are stuck between a sanctions breach and a contract breach? |
On 19 May 2023, the Australian Government (Government) announced plans to impose a ban on the export of all machinery and related parts to Russia and areas of Ukraine temporarily under Russian control.
This is the latest in a series of sanctions imposed by the Government in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Australian sanctions regime targets a range of Russian and Belarusian individuals and entities as well as certain economic sectors and industries. In addition, the Government has imposed sanctions in relation to “specified Ukraine regions” – namely those areas of Ukraine that are currently under Russian control.
The sanctions are imposed and administered under the Autonomous Sanctions Act 2011 (Cth) (Sanctions Act) and the Autonomous Sanctions Regulations 2011 (Cth) (Sanctions Regulations). They apply to Australian citizens, entities incorporated in Australia, Australian registered body corporates and Australian flagged vessels both in respect of their activities in Australia and their activities abroad.
The Sanctions Act and Sanctions Regulations impose the following measures with respect to Russia and “specified Ukraine regions”:
The sanctions have the potential to prevent performance of contracts that involve the delivery of goods to Russia or areas of Ukraine under Russian control. The sanctions may also prevent performance of contracts involving commercial payments to a sanctioned entity or person, or to an entity which is owned or controlled by a sanctioned entity or person. The sanctions will also likely apply to obligations arising under contracts that were entered into before the sanctions were imposed. Australian parties to such contracts should consider applying to the Australian Sanctions Office (ASO) for a permit to engage in an activity that is otherwise prohibited by sanctions.
Importantly a sanctions permit is authorised by Australia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and is required to be in the ‘national interest’. Relevant factors in determining this can include whether enabling such a permit would be consistent with Australia’s economic, security and foreign policy, as well as any effect on Australia’s international reputation or standing.
The ASO uses an online Pax system to process permit applications. Applicants must provide detailed information on the goods or services involved, the end use of the goods or services, the end user and the intended transport pathway for the goods or services. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade advises that 3 months should be allowed to process the permit, so Australian companies need to act early to ensure they are covered before their contractual obligation falls due. Given this timing, managing the relationship and communications with any affected party is critical in limiting the potential for such a party commencing proceedings.
A breach of Australian sanctions can have both civil and criminal penalties. For example, penalties include imprisonment of up to 10 years and/or a fine the greater of 2,500 penalty units ($687,500) or three times the value of the transaction. For this reason organisations, their directors, senior management and employees should be cognisant of the sanctions risks, and of their own personal exposure.
Just as sanctions cannot be ignored, the fact that sanctions have been imposed does not mean a party can simply ignore its contractual obligations. Where a party to a contract affected by sanctions fails to perform its obligations, the other party may commence proceedings seeking damages for breach of contract. In cross-border transactions it is common for disputes of this nature to be referred to international arbitration. Engaging in cross-border disputes, whether in foreign courts or in arbitration, can be complex, particularly if the other party is itself sanctioned or commences proceedings in a sanctioned jurisdiction.
Where an arbitral tribunal decides in favour of the claimant:
Companies should take proactive steps to protect against the risk of a contractual dispute. These include:
Publication
On 31 October 2023, the Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023 (the “Act”), which establishes a new foreign direct investment ("FDI") screening regime in Ireland, was enacted.
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