Global | Publication | November 2018
Essential Pensions News covers the latest pensions developments each month.
In a judgment that will have significant financial implications for defined benefit schemes which were contracted out between 1990 and 1997, the High Court has ruled that scheme benefits in excess of the guaranteed minimum pension must be adjusted so that the overall benefits received by men and women are equal.
Morgan J confirmed that:
In addition, the period for which beneficiaries are entitled to receive back payments is governed by the scheme rules. There is no limitation period in relation to such claims under the Limitation Act 1980. Furthermore, section 134 of the Equality Act 2010 is not effective to impose a limitation period of six years in relation to proceedings by beneficiaries to recover arrears of payments where the trustee is in possession of trust assets, as it offends the principle of equivalence.
A second hearing in the Lloyds case, possibly early next year, will need to address some outstanding issues:
The tax treatment of arrears is a separate issue and it is expected that HMRC will have to change its approach to ensure all benefit corrections are authorised payments.
For details of our suggested actions to be taken by administrators, trustees and employers, both immediately and in the medium and longer term, please see our recent GMP alert.
Whilst it is possible that the Lloyds case might be appealed, we think this is unlikely.
Although rumours were rife before the Chancellor delivered his Autumn 2018 Budget on October 29, pensions escaped without any reduction of tax relief or tax free allowances.
In fact, pensions were not mentioned by the Chancellor in his speech, and those few pensions-related announcements confirmed in the Budget document related to matters already announced, or in progress. These included:
or
There is no ban on pension cold calls to businesses and the consultation response states this was always the intention;
There had been expectations that the pensions tax regime could be changed, or that there would be a reduction in current reliefs but the pensions areas addressed by the Chancellor were actually uncontroversial.
It is possible that potentially significant changes may come from the pension investment aspects of the “patient capital” proposals, but immediate change is unlikely. The issue of performance fees has been raised in the past by many scheme trustees and a review of the charge cap components will be welcomed. So too will the proposed consultation on the inclusion of the self-employed in the pension savings regime.
The cold-calling ban is to be implemented as soon as the regulations have Parliamentary approval, and is aimed at reducing the number of scheme members falling victim to scammers and losing their pension savings. There are limits to the ban though, as cold-calling from overseas is not caught.
The impact of certain taxes owed to HMRC being considered ahead of pension scheme debt on an employer’s insolvency could have a significant effect on schemes, and will need to be taken into account in future covenant assessment exercises.
TPR has updated its guide to investment governance for trustees of defined contribution pensions schemes, to accompany TPR's DC code of practice no.13.
Two new sections are included:
The updated guidance reflects the Chancellor’s statement in the 2018 Budget that the Financial Conduct Authority would publish a discussion paper on the permitted rules to allow unit-linked funds to invest in patient capital “by the end of 2018”.
TPR has updated example 4 in its automatic enrolment detailed guidance note 8, safeguarding individuals. The note includes examples of TPR's approach when applying the “sole or main purpose” test in relation to establishing whether a particular action would be regarded as an inducement to opt out.
Example 4 relates to circumstances where the employer offers staff the option of making pension contributions at a lower rate (which involves them moving to a non-qualifying scheme) and the employer puts forward a legitimate purpose for this. TPR states that although not necessarily completing an opt out form, the jobholder is still giving up membership of a qualifying scheme. The employer must therefore still be confident that they can demonstrate that their sole or main purpose is not to induce individuals to leave the qualifying scheme.
Contribution rates from April 6, 2019, are due to increase to the “steady state levels” of 3 per cent from the employer (currently 2 per cent) and 8 per cent (currently 5 per cent) total from the employer, jobholder and tax relief.
As we have reported previously, the ECJ has confirmed that members are entitled to an “individual minimum guarantee” of 50 per cent of the value of their former scheme benefits, rather than an average level of pension protection under the PPF. Currently, PPF compensation is capped and some members could have received considerably lower pensions in the PPF than under their original scheme.
The PPF has now published an update about the its actions to implement the ECJ ruling. First, it is identifying “capped pensioners” who may be due a compensation uplift, although the PPF expects the number to be very small. Letters are being sent to such individuals so the necessary data can be collated to calculate the uplift. Once existing capped members have been identified, the PPF will start identifying members of schemes in assessment periods and those approaching retirement that it believes may be subject to the cap as UK law currently stands.
Pending legislative changes which the PPF is discussing with the DWP, the approach involves comparing the value of the PPF compensation due to a member at their scheme's PPF assessment date with the value of the benefits the member would have expected to receive from their scheme at the same date. Where the former is less than 50 per cent of the latter, the PPF plans a one-off increase to the headline level of compensation so its total value is at least 50 per cent of the expected scheme pension. Once the uplifted amount is established, existing PPF rules relating to revaluation and indexation will apply, and arrears and interest will be paid.
A similar exercise will be undertaken in relation to the Financial Assistance Scheme.
Affected pensioners will be pleased that the PPF is addressing this issue without delay, as the legislative changes could take some time to be implemented. However, the PPF stresses that this is an interim measure while new legislation is awaited. Everyone involved will hope that the PPF’s proposed solution will not need changing again at a later date to comply with the new law.
HMRC has published draft regulations on the repayment of the overseas transfer charge for a technical consultation. The consultation period ends on December 7, 2018.
The overseas transfer charge applies on a recognised transfer to a qualifying recognised overseas pension scheme (QROPS) that was requested on or after March 9, 2017, or on an onward transfer on or after April 6, 2017 from one QROPS to another within five years of the original transfer date, unless the transfer is excluded.
If the overseas charge applies on a transfer, but the member's circumstances change within the period of five years after the transfer so that the charge would not now apply, the member can claim a repayment.
The explanatory memorandum published alongside the draft regulations states that both instruments will have effect from April 24, 2019.
View the consultation and draft regulations.
The FCA has published a discussion paper on climate change and green finance (DP18/8), in which it addresses the recommendations of the Law Commission's June 2017 report on pension funds and social investment, one of which was seeking views on introducing a new requirement for financial services firms to report publicly on how they manage climate risks to their customers and operations.
The deadline for responses to DP18/8 is January 31, 2019. The areas covered in DP18/8 are still evolving and the FCA will continue to revise its approach following the discussion and feedback generated.
We reported in our September 2018 update that the DWP had dropped its proposed requirement for a “statement on member views” in relation to environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues to be included in (mainly) occupational DC schemes’ Statements of Investment Principles (SIPs). Instead, new requirements include a duty to take into account “financially material considerations” which include ESG issues, such as climate change. The FCA consultation reflects a parallel approach on proposed requirements for similar matters to be considered in relation to contract-based pension schemes when making investment decisions.
The Government has published a consultation paper outlining its initial proposals for introducing collective defined contribution schemes (CDC), and the consultation period ends on January 16, 2019.
CDC schemes would establish a third benefit option to DC and DB schemes while combining elements of both. Such schemes have been used in the Netherlands and Denmark, and recently the Royal Mail has announced it is developing a CDC scheme as an option for its employees.
There are various forms of CDC scheme but the main premise is that the employer and employee pay set contributions and the employee is given a target level of benefits those contributions will purchase. Whereas in a DB scheme the employer bears the funding risk, and in a DC scheme this risk falls on the employee, the risks in a CDC scheme are shared. The level of pension can be higher than the target level if investments out-perform expectations. Conversely, if the investments underperform, pension increases can be reduced or pension benefits could even be cut. There is no requirement for the employer to make additional funding contributions if the target level of benefits looks unlikely to be met.
The consultation acknowledges the changes that will need to be made to existing legislation to accommodate the unique nature of CDC schemes. For example, although they would be classified as money purchase, they will be required to appoint a scheme actuary. The DWP proposes that authorised CDC schemes should have annual actuarial valuations on a “best estimate” basis to ensure member protections. There are no proposals to have “buffer funds” to support a certain level of benefits as CDCs have in some European countries, so thought would have to be given on communicating the associated risks to members, including the risk-pooling aspects, as well as the potential future reduction in benefits.
CDCs are to be sponsored by a single employer, or a group of associated employers, so such schemes will not overlap with master trust arrangements.
There is a lot of work to be done before CDC schemes are available as an option for the wider pension savings population. However, after years of discussing alternatives to DB and DC schemes, it seems that the legislation to pave the way for CDC schemes could finally be introduced.
However, the proposal not to follow the overseas CDC model and to instead implement CDCs without buffer funds may prove a challenge. The potential to reduce benefits in times of low investment returns could be a hard sell and may undermine any early member confidence in the new arrangements.
It will be interesting to see more details of the Royal Mail CDC scheme when they are available.
In the latest edition of its pension schemes newsletter published on October 31, 2018, HMRC highlights several administrative issues.
A brief summary of the contents is below.
View the Newsletter.
In the latest edition of the bulletin for formerly contracted-out schemes published on November 2, 2018, HMRC addresses several queries raised in relation to its Scheme Reconciliation Service.
A brief summary of the contents is below.
View the Bulletin.
After 3 years of hearings, in a judgment handed down on November 7, 2018, the Supreme Court has unanimously denied Barnardo’s permission to switch from the Retail Prices Index to the generally lower Consumer Prices Index as its measure for calculating benefit increases.
The case centred on the precise definition of RPI in the scheme rules and whether it amounted to a “single step” that would allow the trustees to choose another index as a replacement for RPI, whether or not RPI continued to be published.
Many final salary schemes have sought to adopt CPI in order to reduce funding deficits and Barnardo’s was no exception. The ruling maintains the status quo such that each scheme will need to seek advice to confirm it can substitute CPI for RPI.
For further detail, please see our pensions alert on the case.
It should be emphasised that Barnardo’s RPI definition was unusual. In what is a disappointing judgment for the charity, the scheme deficit (which stands at about £130 million) cannot be reduced by adopting CPI.
The starting point for other schemes in deciding whether to move to a new index is their own rules, and the powers and discretions available to the trustee or employer. If the construction of the rules permits a switch from RPI to CPI, this change will not infringe section 67, as there is no accrued right to payment until the index has been selected.
Cases such as Barnardo's highlight the constraints that may arise from specific historic drafting. Employers’ attempts to adopt CPI may encounter problems which need to be examined on a case-by-case basis where the scheme has retained an RPI link.
In a decision which has potential tax implications for transfers from some defined benefits to defined contribution schemes, the Court of Appeal has ruled in favour of HMRC.
In a complex judgment, the Court confirmed that that an inheritance tax (IHT) charge arose as the transferring DB scheme had a binding nomination rule for death benefits, rather than paying them under discretionary trusts, as provided under the rules of the receiving DC scheme (and most workplace pension schemes). In addition, failure to take a pension from the DC scheme before death was a further “transfer of value” and subject to IHT.
The case concerned decisions made in 2006 by a member (Mrs S), when she was terminally ill. A little over a month before her death, Mrs S transferred her pension from a DB scheme into a new DC personal pension scheme. She also omitted to take any pension benefits from the new scheme prior to her death. HMRC sought to charge both events to tax, on the basis that both the DB to DC transfer and the omission to take a pension were transfers of value under the Inheritance Tax Act 1984 (IHTA 1984).
One feature of the DB scheme was that any surplus could potentially pass back to a company which Mrs S had built up with her ex-husband when they were together, and outcome Mrs S wished to avoid.
Mrs S died six weeks later. HMRC then issued IHT demands on Mrs S’s personal representatives, and on her two sons (together the Taxpayers), who were the beneficiaries under the discretionary trusts of the new DC scheme.
After conflicting decisions in both the First Tier Tribunal and the Upper Tier Tribunal, the case ended up in the Court of Appeal.
The Court considered what it described as “the associated operations” of the DB-DC transfer and Mrs S’s failure to take pension benefits. What was crucial was not whether the sons’ position was in fact improved, but whether Mrs S intended that outcome. The Court held that Mrs S made the transfer out of a joint desire to sever ties with her ex-husband’s company and to pass the death benefits to her sons via the DC scheme, thus avoiding the binding nomination under the DB scheme which would have made the death benefits subject to IHT. It held that the failure to take pension benefits and the transfer were both motivated by a desire on Mrs S’s part that her sons should have all the death benefits that would be payable if she did not draw a pension.
The Court also agreed with HMRC that Mrs S’s omission to take her pension resulted directly in the increase of her sons’ estates. The Taxpayers had argued that the exercise of the administrator’s discretion to award death benefits in the receiving DC scheme had broken the chain of causation between Mrs S’s decisions regarding her benefits and the receipt of the monies by the sons. The Court disagreed and held that the chain of causation was uninterrupted. It began with the failure to take a pension and ended with the receipt by the sons.
Mrs S had made a disposition in relation to the pension which did not come within the exemption under the IHTA 1984, as it was made within the period of two years ending with the date of death and Mrs S had reason to believe that she would die within two years.
The CA ruled that HMRC succeeded on both points. The failure to take pension benefits and the transfer to the DC scheme were intended to confer gratuitous benefits on the sons and IHT therefore applied.
This decision highlights the risk of making DB to DC transfers where the transferring scheme has a binding nomination rule for death benefits, but the receiving scheme makes such decisions under discretionary trusts. However, discretionary trusts provisions apply in the vast majority of workplace pension schemes.
Members in serious ill-health should beware of potential IHT implications where they transfer their benefits, or delay taking a pension, and do not survive for two more years. Where a member is terminally ill and is considering making a transfer, tax advice should be sought so that the beneficiaries do not eventually receive an unexpected demand for IHT on an inheritance they may have presumed was tax free.
The Pensions Ombudsman (TPO) has given his determination in a complaint by Mrs L against the Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC and RBS Pension Trustee Limited (RBS).
Mrs L brought two complaints:
TPO upheld Mrs L's complaint against the Trustee on behalf of the estate. The Trustee’s delays amounted to maladministration: it issued the 2015 Statement nearly six months after Mr L left service, it did not meet its service standard for sending the transfer value and it issued its dispute resolution second stage letter later than it should have done.
TPO did not however agree that the respondents had failed to provide Mr L with sufficient information enabling him to make sound decisions on his benefit options.
TPO applied the principles in Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board [1992]. The Scally duty was limited to circumstances where “the employee cannot, in all the circumstances, reasonably be expected to be aware of the term unless it is drawn to their attention”. TPO considered that Mr L was aware of the possibility of obtaining pension value information and it was not the case that he could not have reasonably acted without it being brought to his attention.
Neither RBS nor the Trustee had a duty to provide information on which option was most financially advantageous for Mr L or to provide him with details about death in deferment benefits. There was no evidence that he had asked specifically about death benefits or provided any details outside of his redundancy that ought to have placed either RBS or the Trustee under an enhanced duty.
TPO considered that the maladministration in this instance was serious, for which his award would usually be £1,000. Given that the Trustee had offered Mrs L £1,600, which was higher than TPO would award, he did not make an additional award.
Mrs L’s second complaint was not upheld as she was receiving the correct benefits under the scheme’s rules. TPO did not consider the wording in the 2015 Statement on the 5-year guarantee was misleading as it was implicit from the words “the balance of” that the pension must be in payment for the guarantee to apply. In any event, were there ambiguity, the scheme’s rules would prevail.
In the case of the Estate of Mr R, on which we reported in our September 2018 update, TPO recently upheld a complaint where the scheme's administrator failed to inform a terminally ill deferred member that the retirement options presented to him were only available if taken prior to his death. Here, TPO determined that the trustees had a fiduciary duty to provide Mr R with all the relevant information for him to make a fully informed decision about his options. This duty had been breached, since despite being aware that the member had a terminal illness, the trustees had failed to mention that the benefits were dependent on the member making a choice in his lifetime. TPO also stated that in situations where options were conditional, the trustees should inform the member about the relevant conditions.
TPO determined that the member’s lack of action was because he was unaware that this compromed his wife's future retirement benefits. If there had been greater clarity and urgency, it was more likely than not that the member would have acted to his (and his eventual widow’s) financial advantage.
In Mr R’s case, TPO directed the trustees to calculate the amount of lump sum the member's estate would have received had he applied for the more advantageous option in his lifetime and pay this to the estate directly. The trustees were also directed to calculate the difference in spouse's pension his widow was receiving and what she would have received had the member applied for the same option in his lifetime and pay this to his widow. In addition, the trustees were directed to pay Mrs R £500 for the distress and inconvenience suffered.
In the case of Estate of Mr R, the trustees were found to have breached their fiduciary duty in not having provided the member with all relevant information to ensure he made an informed decision, and significant compensation was awarded to his estate as a result. However, that does not to appear to have been the case in Mrs L’s complaint, where TPO found that the trustee and the employer had provided sufficient information to enable the member to make sound decisions about his benefit options. The only breach was found to be the severe delays in response to the member’s queries, which amounted to serious maladministration.
TPO is usually reluctant to rule that the Scally duty has been breached, generally because the conditions that need to be met are very specific and often hard to satisfy in practice.
In broad terms, it seems from these cases that employers are not obliged to advise members about options relating to their pension rights, or highlight potentially detrimental decisions, or to inform members of how best to exercise their choices under a scheme’s rules. The only requirement is for employers and trustees to make sufficient information available to the member. There is no enhanced duty when a member is terminally ill. However, employers and trustees must avoid giving anything that might constitute “financial advice” as they will not normally be authorised to do so under the relevant FCA rules.
Nevertheless, employers should be aware that TPO has found maladministration on more than one occasion where employers have failed to follow good practice. With this in mind, employers should always seek to provide members with full details of a scheme's benefit structure, ensure that these details are clear, and ultimately suggest that members seek independent advice before making financial decisions.
Below is a summary of pension changes expected in the near future in addition to those outlined above. Changes since the last update are underlined:
DB consolidation and superfunds - Pensions Minister, Guy Opperman, has confirmed there will be an “imminent consultation”.
Pensions dashboard – the Government has confirmed “tremendous progress” is being made.
Pensions Regulator’s powers – Government response to the consultation is expected “towards the end of the year”.
A new Pensions Bill is due in Summer 2019 covering “multiple areas of pensions law”, including DB consolidation and CDCs.
Steria (Pension Plan) Trustees Ltd v Sopra Steria Ltd and others: High Court claim seeking declaration regarding the requirement to obtain a section 37 certificate. The case was heard on May 22, 2017. The claim was stayed until June 18, 2018, with both parties having been ordered to update the court before April 5, 2018.
Clarification of trustees' fiduciary duties in relation to longer term investment risks – the DWP has published its full response to the 2017 Law Commission report, Pension funds and social investment. The FCA intends to consult in the first quarter of 2019 on a single package of amended rules reflecting the Government’s suggested changes.
EMIR – new requirements to the exchange variation margin relating to derivatives applied from March 1, 2017. A further EMIR temporary exemption extension for pension scheme arrangements applied to August 16, 2018 and has now expired. In the absence of a further temporary exemption, ESMA expects national competence authorities not to prioritise their supervisory actions towards entities that are expected to be exempted again relatively shortly.
The DC scheme Chair’s annual governance statement must be completed within 7 months of the end of the scheme year. For example, schemes with a 31 March year end should have submitted the statement by October 31, 2018. TPR issued trustee guidance on the statement in November 2017 and the guidance was updated in June 2018 and further in September 2018.
IORP II – the expected transposition date is January 12, 2019. The DWP is shortly expected to provide more detail on how it intends to implement the Directive. Brexit should be achieved by March 29, 2019. The UK will then leave the EU from the effective date of withdrawal agreement or, failing that, 2 years after giving Article 50 notice unless European Council and UK unanimously decide to extend period.
New regulations – the Occupational Pension Schemes (Administration and Disclosure) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 came into force April 6, 2018, setting out new requirements to improve transparency on DC benefit costs and charges to members. They do not apply to DB schemes providing only DC AVCs. Members must be provided with access to information via a website with 7 months of the scheme’s year-end date – meaning the earliest date was November 6, 2018, for schemes with year-end April 6, 2018.
VAT – HMRC’s existing practice on VAT and pension schemes is to continue indefinitely. Employers should consider taking steps to preserve (or enhance) their pensions-related VAT cover.
Auto-enrolment – cyclical re-enrolment now applies within a 6-month window related to the employer’s staging date. e.g. employers with a July 1, 2015, staging date must complete the cyclical re-enrolment process between April 1, 2018, and September 30, 2018. Total minimum contributions were increased to 5 per cent (of which minimum employer contribution of 2 per cent) from April 6, 2018. Total minimum contributions will increase to 8 per cent (of which minimum employer contribution of 3 per cent) from April 6, 2019.
Publication
The Court of Appeal has overturned a 2023 High Court decision in Manolete v White [2024], ruling that courts cannot issue injunctions requiring members to draw down their occupational pensions to make them available to judgment creditors.
Publication
The Chancellor presented her maiden Budget on October 30, 2024.
Publication
On October 29, 2024, the PPF published a response to its March 2024 consultation, confirming that it would proceed with its proposal to give actuaries the option of using a bespoke discount rate assumption in s. 143 valuations of smaller pension schemes.
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