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Global rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)
Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
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Canada | Publication | January 24, 2024
Misleading advertising continues to be one of the Competition Bureau’s enforcement priorities, and on January 18 the Bureau warned businesses to monitor for online reviews and testimonials posted by their employees that do not properly disclose the employee’s connections to the business.
Fake and biased reviews continue to be a growing problem for consumers. To avoid misleading consumers as to the authenticity of online reviews or ratings, the Bureau’s guidance requires employees who post reviews about the business they work for or its competitors to disclose their employment relationship. The Bureau’s notice warns that employers who turn a blind eye to employees who do not comply with these disclosure requirements could face enforcement action and potentially significant penalties under the Competition Act.
The reminder follows recent enforcement action against Montreal-based company Amp Me Inc., which will pay a partial penalty of $310,000 plus costs of $40,000 (in satisfaction of an imposed penalty of $1.5 million) to resolve concerns about false or misleading claims regarding the free nature of Amp Me’s mobile application and allegations that Amp Me purchased positive reviews from third parties to promote its business.1
The Competition Act’s misleading advertising provisions prohibit representations to the public that are materially false or misleading. Representations can be made “by any means whatever,” including through online ratings, reviews or testimonials.
While it is not illegal for employees to post independent, honest reviews about the company they work for, compliance issues arise when an employee (or other third party) posts what appears to be an independent and unbiased review, when in fact there is an undisclosed material connection between the reviewer and the business. “Material connections” can include an employment relationship or the fact that the reviewer was compensated by the business in some form (including through payment, free product, etc.).
According to the Bureau, material connections such as an employment relationship between reviewers and the businesses they are promoting could affect how consumers evaluate the reviewer's independence and the weight they attach to the review.2 Because companies and their employees have an interest in posting positive reviews of their products, consumers might attach less weight to those reviews when they know they may be biased, which is why disclosure is critical.3
Penalties for non-compliance are serious. Consequences under the civil false or misleading advertising provisions of the Competition Act include administrative monetary penalties of up to the greater of $10 million ($15 million for each subsequent violation) or three times the value of the benefit derived from the deceptive conduct (or, if that amount cannot be reasonably determined, 3% of the company’s annual worldwide gross revenues). Under the criminal provisions, penalties include fines at the discretion of the court and/or up to 14 years in jail for individuals, in addition to possible compensation that may be sought by consumers.
To ensure compliance, the Bureau recommends that businesses:
While not legally binding, this reminder sets out the Bureau’s enforcement approach to fake and biased reviews. Businesses should take note and implement appropriate compliance measures to ensure testimonials posted by employees and other third parties on their behalf do not raise compliance issues.
Competition Bureau, “The Deceptive Marketing Practices Digest – Volume 1” (June 10, 2015) at s. 3.4 (online).
Ibid.
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Cross-border acquisitions and investments increasingly trigger foreign direct investment (FDI) screening requirements.
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On February 2, 2024, the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union confirmed that the Committee of Permanent Representatives had signed the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Regulation, referred to as the AI Act. Approval by the EU Parliament followed on 13 March 2024, and the AI Act is likely to appear in the EU’s Official Journal around May 2024. The AI Act aims to establish a stringent legal framework governing the development, marketing, and utilisation of artificial intelligence within the region, thereby marking a significant advancement in the regulation of this burgeoning domain.
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The private credit market and direct lending have grown and diversified immensely in the past decade, offering alternative sources and terms of debt compared to those historically provided by the syndicated leveraged loan and public issuance markets. Consequently, they are fast becoming pivotal components in the capital ecosystem, so much so that the Bank of England consider that the private credit market is currently responsible for approximately $1.8 trillion of debt issuance, which is four times its size in 2015. This growth has been particularly pronounced in Europe and the US but there has also been significant activity in Asia.
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